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Location:
Eastern Europe. |
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- Area: total: 603,700 sq km , land: 603,700 sq km
, water: 0 sq km
- Land boundaries: total: 4,558 km
, border countries: Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km, Poland 428 km,
Romania (south) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia 1,576 km, Slovakia 90 km.
- Coastline: 2,782 km
- Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200-m or to the depth of exploitation,
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
- Climate: temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean
coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in
east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland;
summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south.
- Terrain: most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus,
mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsula in
the extreme south.
- Elevation extremes: lowest point: Black Sea 0 m,
highest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m.
- Natural resources: iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur,
graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber.
- Land use: arable land: 58%, permanent crops: 2%,
permanent pastures: 13%, forests and woodland: 18%, other: 9% (1993 est.).
- Irrigated land: 26,050 sq km (1993 est.).
- Natural hazards: NA
- Environment-current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water
pollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986 accident at
Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant.
- Environment-international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Marine
Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Law of the Sea.
- Geography-note: strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia;
second-largest country in Europe.
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- Population: 49,811,174 (July 1999 est.)
- Age structure: 0-14 years: 18% (male 4,690,318; female 4,498,239),
15-64 years: 68% (male 16,136,296; female 17,572,011),
65 years and over: 14% (male 2,251,664; female 4,662,646) (1999 est.).
- Population growth rate:
-0.62% (1999 est.).
- Birth rate: 9.54 births/1,000 population (1999 est.).
- Death rate: 16.38 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.).
- Net migration rate:
0.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.).
- Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female, under 15 years: 1.04
male(s)/female, 15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female, 65 years and over: 0.48
male(s)/female total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (1999 est.).
- Infant mortality rate:
21.73 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.).
- Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 65.91 years,
male: 60.23 years, female: 71.87 years (1999 est.).
- Total fertility rate:
1.34 children born/woman (1999 est.).
- Nationality: noun:
Ukrainian(s), adjective: Ukrainian
- Ethnic groups: Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%.
- Religions: Ukrainian Orthodox - Kiev Patriarchate, Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow
Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, Ukrainian Catholic
(Uniate),
Protestant, Jewish.
- Language: Ukrainian.
- Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write,
total population: 98% male: 100% , female: 97% (1989 est.)
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- Country name: conventional long form: none,
conventional short form: Ukraine, local long form: none,
local short form: Ukrayina, former: Ukrainian
Republic.
- Data code: UA
- Government type: republic
- Capital: Kyiv
- Administrative divisions:
24 oblasti (singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous
republic* (avtomnaya respublika), and 2 municipalities (mista, singular - misto) with
oblast status**; Cherkas'ka (Cherkassy), Chernihivs'ka (Chernihiv), Chernivets'ka
(Chernivtsi), Dnipropetrovs'ka (Dnipropetrovs'k), Donets'ka
(Donets'k), Ivano-Frankivs'ka (Ivano-Frankivs'k), Kharkivs'ka
(Kharkiv), Khersons'ka (Kherson), Khmel'nyts'ka (Khmel'nyts'kyy), Kirovohrads'ka
(Kirovohrad), Kyyiv**, Kyyivs'ka (Kiev), Luhans'ka (Luhans'k), L'vivs'ka
(L'viv), Mykolayivs'ka (Mykolayiv), Odes'ka (Odesa), Poltavs'ka
(Poltava), Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol'), Rivnens'ka
(Rivne), Sevastopol'**,
Sums'ka (Sumy), Ternopil's'ka (Ternopil'), Vinnyts'ka (Vinnytsya), Volyns'ka (Luts'k),
Zakarpats'ka (Uzhhorod), Zaporiz'ka (Zaporizhzhya), Zhytomyrs'ka (Zhytomyr), note: oblasts have the administrative center name following in parentheses
- Independence: 1 December 1991 (from Soviet Union).
- National holiday: Independence Day, 24 August (1991).
- Constitution: adopted 28 June 1996.
- Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts.
- Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal.
- Executive branch: chief of state: President Leonid D. KUCHMA (since 19 July 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Victor
YUSHCHENKO, cabinet:
Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president and approved by the Supreme Council note:
there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC originally created in 1992
as the National Security Council, but significantly revamped and strengthened under
President KUCHMA; the NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on
domestic and international matters and advising the president; a Presidential
Administration that helps draft presidential edicts and provides policy support to the
president; and a Council of Regions that serves as an advisory body created by President
KUCHMA in September 1994 that includes chairmen of the Kyiv (Kiev) and Sevastopol'
municipalities and chairmen of the Oblasti elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last
held 26 June and 10 July 1994 (next to be held NA October 1999); prime minister and deputy
prime ministers appointed by the president and approved by the People's Council.
- Legislative branch:
unicameral Supreme Council or Verkhovna Rada (450 seats;
under Ukraine's new election law, half of the Rada's seats are allocated on a proportional
basis to those parties that gain 4% of the national electoral vote; the other 225 members
are elected by popular vote in single-mandate constituencies; all serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 29 March 1998 (next to be held NA 2002); note - repeat
elections continuing to fill vacant seats
election results: percent of vote by party (for parties clearing 4% hurdle on 29
March 1998) - Communist 24.7%, Rukh 9.4%, Socialist/Peasant 8.6%, Green 5.3%, People's
Democratic Party 5.0%, Hromada 4.7%, Progressive Socialist 4.0%, United Social Democratic
Party 4.0%; seats by party (as of 8 July 1998) - Communist 120, People's Democratic Party
88, Rukh 47, Hromada 45, Socialist/Peasant 33, United Social Democratic 25, Green 24,
Progressive Socialist 14, independents 26, vacant 28.
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court; Constitutional Court.
- Political parties and leaders:
Communist Party of Ukraine
[Petro SYMONENKO];
Ukrainian Popular Movement or Rukh [Vyacheslav CHORNOVIL, chairman]; Socialist Party of
Ukraine or SPU [Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman]; Peasant Party of Ukraine or SelPU [Serhiy
DOVAN]; People's Democratic Party or NDPU [Anatoliy
MATVIYENKO, chairman]; Reforms and
Order Party [Viktor PYNZENYK]; United Social Democratic Party of Ukraine [Vasyl
ONOPENKO];
Agrarian Party of Ukraine or APU [Kateryna VASHCHUK]; Liberal Party of Ukraine or LPU
[Volodymyr SHCHERBAN]; Green Party of Ukraine or PZU [Vitaliy
KONONOV, leader];
Progressive Socialist Party [Natalya VITRENKO] , note: and numerous smaller parties.
- Political pressure groups and leaders:
New Ukraine (Nova
Ukrayina); Congress of
National Democratic Forces
- International organization participation:
BSEC,
CCC, CE, CEI, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat,
Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MONUA,
NSG, OAS
(observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIBH, UNMOP,
UNMOT, UNPREDEP, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (applicant).
- Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Anton Denysovych BUTEYKO,
chancery: 3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007, telephone: [1] (202) 333-0606,
FAX: [1] (202) 333-0817, consulate(s) general: Chicago and New York
- Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Steven Karl PIFER,
embassy: 10 Yuria Kotsubynskoho, 254053 Kiev 53, mailing address: use embassy street address,
telephone: [380] (44) 246-9750, FAX: [380] (44) 244-7350.
- Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow
represent grainfields under a blue sky.
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- Economy-overview: After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most
important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the
output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth
of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat,
milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry
supplied equipment and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of
the former USSR. Ukraine depends on imports of energy, especially natural gas. Shortly
after the implosion of the USSR in December 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized
most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to
reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to
some backtracking. Output in 1992-98 fell to less than half the 1991 level. Loose monetary
policies pushed inflation to hyperinflationary levels in late 1993. Since his election in
July 1994, President KUCHMA has pushed economic reforms, maintained financial discipline,
and tried to remove almost all remaining controls over prices and foreign trade. The onset
of the financial crisis in Russia dashed Ukraine's hopes for its first year of economic
growth in 1998 due to a sharp fall in export revenue and reduced domestic demand. Although
administrative currency controls will be lifted in early 1999, they are likely to be
reimposed when the hryvnia next comes under pressure. The currency is only likely to
collapse further if Ukraine abandons tight monetary policies or threatens default. Despite
increasing pressure from the IMF to accelerate reform, significant economic restructuring
remains unlikely in 1999.
- GDP: purchasing power parity - $108.5 billion (1998 est.).
- GDP-real growth rate: -1.7% (1998 est.).
- GDP-per capita: purchasing power parity - $2,200 (1998 est.).
- GDP-composition by sector:
agriculture: 14%,
industry: 30%, services: 56% (1997 est.)
- Population below poverty line:
50% (1997 est.).
- Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 4.1%, highest 10%: 20.8% (1992).
- Inflation rate (consumer prices):
20% (yearend 1998 est.).
- Labor force: 22.8 million (yearend 1997).
- Labor force-by occupation:
industry and construction 32%, agriculture and
forestry 24%, health, education, and culture 17%, trade and distribution 8%, transport and
communication 7%, other 12% (1996).
- Unemployment rate: 3.7% officially registered; large number of unregistered or
underemployed workers (December 1998).
- Budget: revenues: $18 billion, expenditures: $21 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.).
- Industries: coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and
transport equipment, chemicals, food-processing (especially sugar).
- Industrial production growth rate:
-1.5% (1998 est.).
- Electricity-production:
171.8 billion kWh (1998).
- Electricity-production by source:
fossil fuel: 47%,
hydro: 9.2%, nuclear: 43.8%, other: 0% (1998).
- Electricity-consumption:
174 billion kWh (1998).
- Electricity-exports:
5 billion kWh (1998).
- Electricity-imports:
7 billion kWh (1998).
- Agriculture-products:
grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables; beef,
milk.
- Exports: $11.3 billion (1998 est.).
- Exports-commodities:
ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machinery and
transport equipment, food products.
- Exports-partners: Russia, China,, Turkey, Germany, Belarus (1998).
- Imports: $13.1 billion (1998 est.).
- Imports-commodities:
energy, machinery and parts, transportation equipment,
chemicals, plastics and rubber.
- Imports-partners: Russia, Germany, US, Poland, Italy (1998).
- Debt-external: $10.9 billion (October 1998).
- Economic aid-recipient:
$637.7 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2
billion (1998).
- Currency: 1 hryvnia =100 kopiykas.
- Exchange rates: hryvnia per US$1-3.4270 (February 1999), 2.4495 (1998), 1.8617
(1997), 1.8295 (1996), 1.4731 (1995), 0.3275 (1994),note: in August 1998, Ukraine introduced currency controls in an attempt to fend
off the impact of the Russian financial crisis; it created an exchange rate corridor for
the hryvnia of 2.5-3.5 hryvnia per US$1.
- Fiscal year: calendar year.
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- Telephones: 12,531,277 (1998)
- Telephone system: Ukraine's phone systems are administered through the State
Committee for Communications; Ukraine has a telecommunication development plan through
2005; Internet service is available in large cities , domestic: local-Kiev has a digital loop connected to the national digital backbone;
Kiev has several cellular phone companies providing service in the different standards;
some companies offer intercity roaming and even limited international roaming; cellular
phone service is offered in at least 100 cities nationwide , international: foreign investment in the form of joint business ventures greatly
improved the Ukrainian telephone system; Ukraine's two main fiber-optic lines are part of
the Trans-Asia-Europe Fiber-Optic Line (TAE); these lines connect Ukraine to worldwide
service through Belarus, Hungary, and Poland; Odesa is a landing point for the
Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia Undersea Fiber-Optic Cable (ITUR) giving Ukraine an additional
fiber-optic link to worldwide service; Ukraine has Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik
earth stations.
- Radio broadcast stations:
AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA; note-at least 25 local
broadcast stations of NA type (1998).
- Radios: 15 million (1990).
- Television broadcast stations:
at least 33 (in addition 21 repeater stations
that relay ORT broadcasts from Russia) (1997).
- Televisions: 17.3 million (1992).
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- Railways: total: 23,350 km, broad
gauge: 23,350 km 1.524-m gauge (8,600 km
electrified).
- Highways: total: 172,565 km, paved:
163,937 km (including 1,875 km of expressways); note-these
roads are said to be hard-surfaced, meaning that some are
paved and some are all-weather gravel surfaced, unpaved:
8,628 km (1996 est.).
- Waterways: 4,400 km navigable waterways, of
which 1,672 km were on the Pryp''yat' and Dnistr (1990).
- Pipelines: crude oil 4,000 km (1995); petroleum
products 4,500 km (1995); natural gas 34,400 km (1998)
- Ports and harbors:
Berdyans'k, Illichivs'k,
Izmayil, Kerch, Kherson, Kiev (Kyiv), Mariupol',
Mykolayiv, Odesa, Reni.
- Merchant marine: total: 181 ships (1,000
GRT or over) totaling 1,022,047 GRT/1,101,278 DWT, ships
by type: bulk 9, cargo 117, liquefied gas tanker 1,
container 4, multifunction large-load carrier 2, oil
tanker 16, passenger 12, passenger-cargo 3, railcar
carrier 2, refrigerated cargo 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo
10, short-sea passenger 3 (1998 est.).
- Airports: 706 (1994 est.).
- Airports-with paved runways:
total: 163, over
3,047 m: 14, 2,438 to 3,047 m: 55, 1,524
to 2,437 m: 34, 914 to 1,523 m: 3, under
914 m: 57 (1994 est.).
- Airports-with unpaved runways:
total:
543, over 3,047 m: 7, 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7, 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16,
914 to 1,523 m: 37, under 914 m: 476 (1994 est.).
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- Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, Internal Troops,
National Guard, Border Troops.
- Military manpower-military age:
18 years of age.
- Military manpower-availability:
males age 15-49: 12,434,486 (1999 est.).
- Military manpower-fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 9,740,684 (1999 est.).
- Military manpower-reaching military age annually:
males: 365,762 (1999 est.).
- Military expenditures-dollar figure:
$414 million (1999).
- Military expenditures-percent of GDP:
1.4% (1999).
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- Disputes-international:
dispute with Romania over continental shelf of the Black
Sea under which significant gas and oil deposits may exist; agreed in 1997 to two-year
negotiating period, after which either party can refer dispute to the International Court
of Justice (ICJ); has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right
to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation.
- Illicit drugs: limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS
consumption; some synthetic drug production for export to West; limited government
eradication program; used as transshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugs from
Africa, Latin America, and Turkey, and to Europe and Russia; drug-related money laundering
a minor, but growing, problem.
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